Author: Niu Ltd

 

The Cyprus Citizenship-by-Investment Program was amended on 13 September 2016, pursuant to a decision of the Council of Ministers.

 

The new decision aims to make a successful Citizenship-by-Investment Program even more accessible and customized to the needs and conditions of the Cypriot and global economy.

 

Four major changes were introduced:

 

Firstly, the minimum investment barrier is reduced, enabling the investor to acquire citizenship on the basis of the purchase of a residence unit(s) in Cyprus with a total value of €2 million, instead of participating in a collective investment scheme with 2,5 million, as provided in the old Program. Investments in other real estate, businesses and funds are also eligible under the €2 million threshold, plus a residence unit of €0,5 million plus VAT, instead of €3 or €5 million provided by the old Program.

 

Secondly, the applicant investor must be the holder of a residence permit, in order to qualify for Cypriot citizenship. In practice, this amendment is expected to have minimal effect on the processing time for the acquisition of citizenship; the applicant shall apply for a residence permit on the same day that he applies for the Program, while no citizenship qualifying period is introduced.  The criteria for the acquisition of the residence permit are identical to those prescribed for the Program.

 

Thirdly, the parents of both the applicant and his/her spouse are eligible to obtain citizenship, provided that they purchase a residence unit with a value of €0,5 million, plus VAT (if applicable).

 

Fourthly, the options to acquire citizenship through deposits in banks and as a result of the 2013 “haircut” are abolished.

 

Cypriot citizenship shall be acquired when a foreign investor/entrepreneur meets the requirements under one of the following four options:

 

 

1 Investment in real estate, land development and infrastructure projects

The applicant must have made an investment of at least €2 million for the purchase or construction of buildings, or for the construction of other land development projects.

 

2 Purchase or creation or participation in Cypriot businesses or companies

The applicant must have made an investment of at least €2 million in the purchase, creation or participation in businesses or companies that have a tangible presence in Cyprus and employ at least five (5) Cypriot or EU citizens.

 

3 Investment in Alternative Investment Funds or financial assets of Cypriot companies or Cypriot organizations licensed by the Cyprus Securities Exchange Commission

 

4 Combination of the aforementioned options of at least €2 million

 

For the purposes of this option, the investor may purchase special state bonds of the Republic of Cyprus with a value of at least €0,5 million.

 

Criterion 1 shall remain the most popular and cost-effective option, enabling the investor to acquire citizenship on the basis of the purchase of a residence unit(s) in Cyprus with a value of €2 million provided that at least one of these residence units has a value of €0,5 million, plus VAT (if applicable).

 

A transitional period is granted until the 31^st October 2016, during which an investor can choose to apply under the new or the old scheme.

 

 

Author: Michail Kamperis, Partner, Ierotheou, Kamperis & Co. LLC
www.iklawfirm.com

 

This article concerns the dual citizenship control and restrictions in Russia on the background of general increasing legislative pressure in the Russian Federation, which have had place for several last years.

 

Before anything else, it is necessary to point out that dual citizenship came into the Russian law only 25 years ago with crumbling the Soviet system and adoption of a new legislation on citizenship. The Article 62 of the Constitution of Russia of 1993 granted the right for dual citizenship for all Russian citizens.

 

Federal Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation was adopted in 1991 and completely revised in 2002. Now it is in force with numerous amendments.  This Law makes difference between the dual citizenship and the second citizenship. The dual citizenship can be possible for Russians only on the ground of international agreement. It is important to notice that Russia concluded few numbers of international treaties which contain provisions related to the dual citizenship. All other cases of obtaining foreign citizenship is considered as the second citizenship.

 

The Russian Federal Law does not prohibit the second citizenship. However, it is a subject of restrictions and control. The acquisition of another citizenship by a citizen of the Russian Federation shall not entail termination of the citizenship of the Russian Federation. At the same time, Russian citizenship can be granted by a decree of the President of Russia to foreign citizens. Persons who obtain the second citizenship are limited in their civic opportunities, e.g. they can’t have an access to civil service or establish mass media and control mass media in Russia. Besides, they should execute their citizen’s duties that both of the countries imply. Persons who obtain the second citizenship should declare about their foreign citizenship to the Russian bodies for migration control according to the Citizenship Law amendments of 2014. They shall submit a special declaration in according with approved form to the competent local department of Ministry for Internal Affairs (previously, to the Federal Migration Service) in 30 days. If a person who obtains the second citizenship does not submit the declaration on foreign citizenship, he should be prosecuted by criminal law.

 

Nowadays Russia is implementing the concept of “Nationalization of elite” and is trying to go the extra mile to control dual and second citizenship in this context. Accordingly, these actions restrict Investment migration through citizenship. However, Russian people have always been striving to obtain dual or second citizenship. It happens due to the fact they are afraid of their own government, of an economic and political instability, of the ghost of “Soviet rulings” restoration.

 

 

Author: Paul Kalinichenko, Doctor of Legal Science, Professor, Kutafin Moscow State Law University
paulkalinichenko@mail.ru

 

As we know, China is the second largest economy of the world and Hurun Report (2015) further shows that it’s the first time the number of billionaire in China is more than the one in the US.  Chinese now are actively seeking for transformation and globalization particularly through oversea migration.

 

In the immigration market, China lately moved up its ranking as the 4^th largest exporter of immigrants from the 7^th position. European countries (except UK) are increasingly prevalent for their low threshold of investment. However US remains as the number one choice especially via EB-5 immigration program, despite the fact that US is imposed a stringent tax law FATCA where all tax residents are required to report their worldwide assets and incomes to the US tax bureau. Foreign financial institutions need to reveal account details of US and US tied investors, based on an IGA (Inter Government Agreement) with US.

 

Donglin Family Office, who is dedicated to high net worth Chinese in Greater China, recognizes that top reasons for immigration are to seek for better education and opportunity of their children, this is because 80% of the world’s best schools are situated in US.   Purpose of immigration nowadays could go beyond these, for some finding a tax haven is a higher priority.  Citizenship change and financially acquiring passports become a common tool in achieving this. It’s evidenced by events such as Chinese were fighting for immigration to Hong Kong for the sake of low-tax benefit before Hong Kong government suspended applications.  Malta and Antigua are popular with citizenship buying.  To some extent, Chinese also learn to catch up the burgeoning trend setting up companies and trusts offshore, particularly in tax-privileged jurisdictions like BVI and Cayman Island to gain local tax benefits.

 

In the light of globalization sentiment, previous G20 meeting held by OECD in 2013, had rallied for tax transparency and BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) actions among participating members. To effectively facilitate the realization, more agreements such as CRS (Common Reporting Standard) are in place to support and reinforce individual’s financial information exchange between countries.  Last year China joined MCAA (Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement) and agreed to implement it officially from the September of 2017 and 2018 with different stage of compliance required.  By doing so, global tax transparency could be achieved.  Wealthy individuals and international organizations no longer can abuse the tax difference between borders and countries, but are forced to conform to international binding.

 

As a hosting country of G20 in 2016, it could offer a great opportunity for China to emerge from a rule-follower into a dominate player, having more impact in the future.  With upcoming requirements in tax reporting and individual information exchange, more planning and matters should be taken into consideration to meet the purpose of immigration prior to proceeding.  As a founding member of IMC, Donglin Family Office, aims to provide custom-made solutions and service to handle potential changes and challenges imbedded in the immigration process and family succession.

 

 

Author:  Victor Ai, Co-Chairman,  Donglin Family Office (HK)
www.donglinfamily.com

 

Background

On 14 July 2014 P5+1 and Iran agreed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (“JCPOA”) after marathon negotiations in Vienna. This historic deal was eventually to put an end to nuclear sanctions against Iran. This happened on 19 January 2016 which is known as the implementation day. This was the date when the IEA reported back to the UN General Council confirming that Iran had complied with the terms of the JCPOA.

 

The JCPOA and the scope of sanction relief

The aim of the JCPOA was “the comprehensive lifting of all UN National Security Council sanctions as well as multi-lateral and national sanctions relating to Iran’s nuclear programme”. Therefore, the result has been the lifting of the vast majority of EU sanctions, the delisting of many Iranian companies from the EU asset freeze list, the ceasing of US application of US secondary sanctions, the removal from the US sanction list of certain persons and entities and availability of licensing in respect of certain activities.

 

Important challenges and opportunities for HNW advisors

Since the lifting of the sanctions, there has been a marked improvement in the Iranian economy and various observers have noticed an influx of interest from Iranian parties investing in various asset classes within Europe.

Iran has increased its production of oil, there has been increasing interest in Iran as a consumer market and Iranian companies have had the opportunity to showcase products in areas as diverse as petro chemicals and high technology.

There is anecdotal evidence of increase in the number of Iranian HNW immigrants into Europe. This is considered as a new potential client source for various HNW advisors in the fields of immigration, tax, private client, property and the like.

 

Compliance and due diligence issues

HNW advisors are all too familiar with the compliance and due diligence challenges in relation to clients coming from different territories but given the recent lifting of sanctions and in relation to the Iranian HNW clients, there are some additional and complicated due diligence issues.

 

Sanctions specific issues

It will be very difficult for a US HNW advisory to deal with an Iranian client because as mentioned above, the JCPOA did not remove US sanctions prohibiting trading commerce between US entities and Iran.

On the other hand, it would be perfectly possible for European HNW advisors to deal with Iranian clients. This will of course have to be subject to ensuring that they go through a very strict due-diligence exercise which goes beyond checking the identity of individuals but is directed towards ensuring that the particular individual clients or any entities and companies they represent are not subject to any sanctions.

It is essential to ensure when dealing with an Iranian entity that they are not a listed individual or entity or that they do not represent one. The entities still listed by the United Nations, the EU and the United States can be found on the website www.iranwatch.org. The problems arise when dealing with individuals who have relationships with companies which are directly or indirectly linked to sanctioned entities or individuals. In those circumstances, it is important to carry out a strict due diligence process within Iran to make sure that the entities are properly checked.

This would require specific steps to be taken to establish the identity of the individuals or the ownerships and directorships of any companies included. Some of the information regarding companies is readily available in Iran but much of this information is not. Advisors cannot afford to take risks in this regard and it is essential that appropriate enquiries are made.

If the result of the search is inconclusive then the advisor should take time to explore the position further.

 

Different types of searches

Many of the potential individual clients will have corporate interests and it is critical that these are checked thoroughly.

An initial search of the public records could reveal the identity of the directors of such companies, the companies’ registration number, objects, identity of inspectors (when dealing with private joint stock companies), the type of company and some limited information about the companies’ shareholders.

In order to obtain more in depth information in relation to a corporate entity, one will have to use agents in order to obtain full details of shareholders.

When dealing with individuals or when wanting to find out more information about the company such as for example pending litigation etc. a level 3 search can be carried out. This would generally involve a media search and personal enquiries with the company or individual involved.

There are many agencies within Iran that carry out searches of individuals for credibility and reputations. It is however critical that appropriate providers of due-diligence advisors are chosen so that the information obtained is as accurate as possible.

 

Summary

There is no doubt that the recent lifting of the sanctions has created new opportunities for HNW advisors and there will now be many potential clients in that territory for such advisors. However given that many entities and individuals remain listed and given the risks attached to dealing with such entities, the advisors should be acutely aware of these risks and take steps to reduce them.

 

 

Author: Sharokh Koussari, Solicitor & Partner of DWFM Beckman
www.dwfmbeckman.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

With its efficient processing, rigorous due diligence, wide choice of investment options and the sheer physical attraction of the islands, the Antigua & Barbuda Citizenship-by-Investment Programme is fast becoming a jurisdiction of choice. In fact, according to the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index 2016, Antigua and Barbuda is the “leading country in the Caribbean.”

 

Holders of an Antigua and Barbuda passport may now travel to 134 countries visa-free, including Canada, the UK and the European “Schengen” countries.

 

The Programme is managed by a dedicated Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU), staffed by a team of professionals who are responsible for processing applications and recommending the approval of real estate and business investment options. The ultimate responsibility of the Programme rests with the Office of the Prime Minister.

 

To date, approximately 1,650 individuals have been granted citizenship by the CIU. For the first 6 months of 2016, the Unit received one hundred and forty-seven (147) applications.

 

-National Development Fund (NDF) – 114
-Real Estate – 20
-Investment in Business – 13

 

In addition, the Unit has recently afforded new citizens the opportunity to add dependants; minors under 18 years, spouse, parent or grandparent; after approval. There is also a no HIV test requirement for minors 0 – 11.

 

The following fees now apply for additions after approval:

-Processing fee – New Spouse  $75,000.00
-Processing fee – 0 – 11 years $25,000.00
-Processing fee – 12 – 17 years $25,000.00
-Processing fee – over 65 years $75,000.00
-Due Diligence fee – New Spouse $7,500.00
-Due diligence fee – 0 – 11 years $   N/A
-Due diligence fee – 12 – 17 years $2,000.00
-Due diligence fee – over 65 yrs  $4,000.00

 

The CIU has also recently created two National Development Fund (NDF) categories.

1. For a single applicant, or a family of 4 or less:

 

US$200,000 Contribution and processing fees of :

-Main applicant US$50,000
-Spouse US$50,000
-Up to two dependents pay no processing fees

 

2. Family of 5 or more:

US$250,000 Contribution and processing fees of :-

-Main applicant US$50,000
-Spouse US$50,000
-Up to three dependants pay no processing fees

 

Additionally, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda wishes to take this opportunity to apprise future citizens that biometric passports will be introduced as of January, 2017.

 

Despite being a relatively new entrant in the alternative citizenship space, Antigua and Barbuda’s Citizenship by Investment Programme is already proving very popular with investors. Speedy processing and the quality of real estate offerings, give the programme a serious competitive advantage.

 

From all accounts, Antigua and Barbuda seems destined to punch above its weight in the international arena as it strives, according to the Prime Minister, Hon. Gaston Browne, to “become the economic powerhouse of the Eastern Caribbean.”

 

 

Author: Antigua & Barbuda CIU
www.cip.gov.ag

 

 

 

As we head into autumn, 2016 already promises to leave behind a history of significant events. From Brexit to Schengen to global security challenges there is much ado in the world of High Net Worth Individual (HNWI) movement.

 

As the sun sets on Rio’s 2016 Olympics, we look at how Brazil fares against the rest of the world in HNWI growth and migration.

 

Compared to the growth of HNWI population in other parts of the world in 2015, Brazil performed poorly, losing 7.8 per cent of its HNWI population and 5.9 per cent of ultra-HNWI wealth (elsewhere ultra-HNWI wealth has gown more than the other wealth segments, both in 2015 and over the past four years)[1].

 

Regionally, however, Brazil has the highest number of HNWIs in Latin America and third highest among BRIC nations, and the growth of Brazil’s UHNWI population over the next decade is expected to outperform the global average, at 50 per cent[2]. WealthInsight forecasts that the number of Latin American HNWIs is expected to exceed 530,000 by 2019[3]. Brazil had the highest number of HNWIs with 198,000 in 2014, followed by Mexico with 148,000 individuals in the same year. Remarkably Latin American HNWIs held a higher proportion of their wealth outside of their home countries than the global average between 2010 and 2014, according to WealthInsight. Millionaires from Chile, Peru, Colombia and Argentina all held more than 33 per cent of their wealth outside their home country in 2014, while the global average was 20-30 per cent. Chilean HNWIs held the highest proportion of their investments outside their country at 38.4 per cent or USD100.5 billion in 2014, and it is one of the fastest growing in the region, recording a forecast compound annual growth rate of 4.8 per cent between 2015 and 2019.

 

Earlier in the year, it was reported that the downturn in Brazil’s local economy and rising crime rates are pushing many millionaires out of the country[4]. Key destinations for foreign investments include North America and Europe.

 

Turning towards developments in Europe, the full impact of Brexit remains uncertain. EU citizens residing in the UK are looking to cement their status through permanent residence and naturalisation applications for those eligible[5]. The UK remains attractive to HNWI, and UK’s Tier 1 Investor route may become increasingly popular for those who were planning to establish themselves in the UK through citizenship programs elsewhere in the EU.

 

Meanwhile, elsewhere in the region challenges have arisen for Tukey’s economy, with the fall of the Lira following the attempted coup on 15 July 2016. Turkey’s economy had been expanding year-on-year at the fastest pace since the third quarter of 2011 (while fixed investment was the main driver of growth, private consumption expanded at a slower pace and public spending shrank).

 

According to New World Wealth data, of the 100,200 HNWIs in Turkey with assets of USD 1 million or more, 5,200 HNWI have net assets of over USD 10 million. The HNWI number in Turkey has grown by 145 percent since 2000 and by 90 percent since 2005. Turkey’s HNWI numbers have been boosted by inflows from the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. There are 28 billionaires in the country with a population of 78 million; .Turkey is followed by the United Arab Emirates, which counts 72,100 HNWIs among its population. Israel has 71,700 HNWIs and Saudi Arabia has 59,000.

 

Prior to the events in July, the Turkish HNWI population was forecast to grow by 19.4 per cent, to reach 119,226 in 2020, while HNWI wealth has been projected to grow by 31.2 per cent to reach USD 768.2 billion[6].

 

The import of any political insecurity, an important driver of HNWI movement, on Turkey’s sizeable HNWI population will be one to watch in terms of outflows, with no capital controls currently in force, but also to see the impact on inflows and alternative destinations for those HNWI from the Middle East and North Africa previously moving into Turkey.

 

 

Author: Nadine Goldfoot, Partner, Fragomen Worldwide
www.fragomen.com

 

 

[1] https://www.worldwealthreport.com/Global-HNWI-Population-and-Wealth-Expanded

[2] https://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2015/wealth-distribution/uhnwi-growth

[3] https://www.wealthadviser.co/2015/12/22/235007/wealthinsight-predicts-positive-future-outlook-latin-american-wealth-management-ma

[4] https://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/millionaire-erevna.pdf

[5] See Migration Observatory’s Report on this for some interesting statistics: https://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/commentary/here-today-gone-tomorrow-status-eu-citizens-already-living-uk

[6] https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160725005934/en/Turkey-Wealth-Report-2016—96768-HNWIs

 

 

On 23 June 2016 more than 30 million people in the United Kingdom took part in a referendum to decide the UK’s future within the European Union, with 52% of people voting to leave the EU. What followed has been described as the Brexit (Britain’s exit from the EU) ‘earthquake’.  The aftershocks were felt worldwide, resulting in significant uncertainty for EEA nationals, their families, businesses based in the UK and for British citizens residing elsewhere in the EU; with many already looking at the options available to them.

 

However, whilst politically and symbolically significant, it is important to note that the referendum result has no immediate legal effect; the UK continues to be a member of the EU. This will remain the case if and until the UK formally leaves the EU, once the UK government triggers Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) indicating their intention to leave and thereafter a minimum notice period of two years served. It will be during these two years that the UK will negotiate its terms of withdrawal from the EU and the full impact of Brexit will not be known until the negotiations have reached a settlement.

 

Amidst the ambiguity and in the short term, EEA nationals and their family members are already taking steps to protect their positions and avoid uncertainty. In addition, the Government has provided assurances that ‘when we do leave the EU, we fully expect that the legal status of EU nationals living in the UK, and that of UK nationals in EU member states, will be properly protected.’[1]

 

Whilst it is likely that EEA nationals currently in the UK, and British expatriates abroad, will be accommodated in one form or another, the position for those not exercising treaty rights and those arriving post referendum is less clear and will ultimately depend on the final trading position. The key will be whether our newly negotiated relationship with the EU includes reciprocal free movement arrangements. If EU free movement comes to an end, EEA nationals and their family members may face visa restrictions.

 

As a result of Brexit, a new trend is emerging of high net worth British expatriates living in the EU seeking second passports, most notably from European countries such as Cyprus and Malta, where citizenship can be obtained in a relatively short period of time. This trend is driven by a desire to ensure they retain the rights of free movement afforded to them as European nationals, post Brexit. Correspondingly, for those who were using European citizenship programmes as a gateway to the UK, these programmes have lost a significant part of their attraction. For those in this position it is likely they will return to the more traditional entry route to the UK under the Tier 1 (Investor) programme, which previously saw a huge decline in applications when the investment amount was increased to £2 million in November 2014.

 

Whilst a lot remains uncertain and it will take time for the rubble to clear, there are steps that individuals can take to protect their positions, for example, applying for EEA registration certificates and permanent residence where possible. From a UK perspective, the Government has made clear their commitment to attracting ‘talented individuals to live in the UK who will help to contribute to the success of this country by investing here and creating jobs’[2] and this is likely to continue in a post-Brexit world.

 

Although we do not know yet what form any changes will take it is important to remember that the UK government has a long history of consulting with business and it is likely that future changes will be published well in advance of any implementation to allow sufficient time for individuals and business to react. Now is the time when individuals and the business community need to form part of the debate so that the best results can be achieved during the negotiation period.

 

 

Author: Julia Onslow-Cole, Partner, Legal Markets Leader & Head of Global Immigration, PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal LLP
www.pwclegal.co.uk

 

 

[1] Statement on the status of EU Nationals in the UK, 11 July 2016: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-the-status-of-eu-nationals-in-the-uk

 

[2] Government’s Consultation on Reforms to the taxation of non-domiciles, 30 September 2015: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/reforms-to-the-taxation-of-non-domiciles/reforms-to-the-taxation-of-non-domiciles

 

 

 

Traditionally, the majority of the world’s wealthy elite have hailed from those parts of the world with advanced Western economies; most notably from Europe and North America. However, this trend is shifting east as Asia now mints more new high net worth and ultra high net worth individuals than any other part of the world. At the end of 2015, there were 5.1 million high net worth individuals (HNWIs) in Asia Pacific with a combined wealth of USD 17.4 trillion.[1]

 

A growing trend amongst these wealthy individuals is the desire to obtain an alternative or second citizenship. As demand drives supply, the number of Economic Citizenship programs (also known as citizenship-by-investment programs) available to HNWIs and their families has steadily increased over the last few years and is expected to continue to do so.

 

In exchange for a significant financial contribution or investment to the domestic economy, citizenship-by-investment programs offer the world’s wealthy elite with the opportunity to obtain citizenship and in so doing provide them with something that is less tangible and more desirable than any material object – the ability to transcend into a ‘global citizen’ with access to all the benefits which that affords.

 

There are a multitude of reasons why wealthy people apply to these programs. In Asia, it has primarily been driven by the poor travel-ability of the majority of Asia-domiciled passports. The biggest market being motivated by the ability to achieve greater mobility is China, whose nationals hold a passport that allows visa-free access to just 50 countries around the world. Other key markets include Thailand (71), the Philippines (61), Indonesia (58), Vietnam (47) and Bangladesh (39).[2] HNWIs in these countries therefore look to the citizenship-by-investment programs of Antigua and Barbuda[3], Dominica, Grenada[4], and St. Kitts and Nevis which provide wealthy foreign nationals who invest into these countries with visa-free access to up to 134 countries including those in the European Union (EU).

 

As more and more HNWIs surface around the Asian region, the need to ensure financial safety by protecting their personal assets and diversifying investments for themselves and their families continues to be a primary driving factor for the significant demand for these programs. The implementation of the Common Reporting Standard calling on jurisdictions to obtain information from their financial institutions and automatically exchange that information with other jurisdictions on an annual basis beginning in 2017/2018 has led to an increased focus on this aspect of economic citizenship. Although citizenship doesn’t have a direct impact on the automatic exchange of information as it is based on tax residency, the citizenship-by-investment programs in Malta and Cyprus can be particularly attractive given that they provide holders of EU passports the right to settle in all 28 member states of the EU which effectively provides 28 tax residency options.

 

Beyond the desire for easier travel and financial safety, the deteriorating geopolitical climate and recent terror attacks around the world has seen a greater emphasis on physical safety and security motivating HNWIs to explore Economic Citizenship in order to have a safe haven to move to should local conditions deteriorate further.

 

The surge in interest in citizenship-by-investment programs from Asian-based HNWIs reflects a combination of the growing wealth in these emerging markets as well as the evolving motivations for HNWIs to further enhance their ability to become global citizens.

 

 

Author: Dominic Volek, Managing Director Henley & Partners Singapore, Head South East Asia
www.henleyglobal.com

 

 

[1] Source: World Wealth Report 2016, Capgemini and RBC Wealth Management

[2] Source: The Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index 2016

[3] Amongst the Caribbean programs, only citizens of Antigua and Barbuda enjoy visa-free access to Canada

[4] Amongst the Caribbean programs, only citizens of Grenada enjoy visa-free access to China